2022 our 25th year online!

Welcome to the Piano World Piano Forums
Over 3 million posts about pianos, digital pianos, and all types of keyboard instruments.
Over 100,000 members from around the world.
Join the World's Largest Community of Piano Lovers (it's free)
It's Fun to Play the Piano ... Please Pass It On!

SEARCH
Piano Forums & Piano World
(ad)
Who's Online Now
56 members (bcalvanese, 1957, 7sheji, Aylin, Barly, accordeur, 36251, 20/20 Vision, Adam Reynolds, 8 invisible), 1,401 guests, and 308 robots.
Key: Admin, Global Mod, Mod
Previous Thread
Next Thread
Print Thread
Hop To
Page 183 of 187 1 2 181 182 183 184 185 186 187
Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
C
2000 Post Club Member
Offline
2000 Post Club Member
C
Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
Originally Posted by printer1
CA .. your step 9 - the way you're going about that and sticking with it is basically amazing. other pianists to listen to .... well, there are all the "usual" suspects .... but two who maybe don't get as much notice as they should are herbie nichols and phineas newborn. larry young (organ) is another great player. but, really, there are SO many fabulous pianists! george shearing for the absolutely gorgeous unworldly tone he created at the piano. cecil taylor as a pianist/percussionist! who's the first pianist who captured your attention? who do you recommend as someone not to miss?


Hey Prints
Thanks for your encouragement and the Phineas Newborn suggestion. I look forward to starting Daahoud next week - amazing intro, head, solo - I will have Transcribe on 15% speed.

The first pianist suspects hehe to capture my attention were KJ then Bill. Then soon after Jacky Terrasson - in particular I like his early improvs on standards e.g. Nardis and his recent originals e.g. Gaux Girl, My Church.

One of my favorite soloists is Sonny Rollins. What do you think of his improv on the bridge of God Bless The Child ? I am literally decades away from playing anywhere like this, especially:
- his use of thematic improv, imperfect imitation, rhythmic displacement
- his tone; how do you emulate that on an instrument with a decaying tone ?

Cheers
cus

Joined: Mar 2007
Posts: 3,045
3000 Post Club Member
Offline
3000 Post Club Member
Joined: Mar 2007
Posts: 3,045
>>One of my favorite soloists is Sonny Rollins. What do you think of his improv on the bridge of God Bless The Child ? I am literally decades away from playing anywhere like this, especially:
Well no worries, he is a few decades older than you are Cus!

Printer1, thanks for your constant great advice.



Joined: Nov 2012
Posts: 1,119
M
1000 Post Club Member
Offline
1000 Post Club Member
M
Joined: Nov 2012
Posts: 1,119
Originally Posted by custard apple


Hey Prints
Thanks for your encouragement and the Phineas Newborn suggestion. I look forward to starting Daahoud next week - amazing intro, head, solo - I will have Transcribe on 15% speed.



i forgot about his daahuod. 15% sounds about right! ... and something else great to do with transcribe is use it as a play along tool ... you're probably doing that already. my guess is phrasing w/ PN at 15% ... and slowly speeding up as you would be reeeaaaallly interesting.

Originally Posted by custard apple

The first pianist suspects hehe to capture my attention were KJ then Bill. Then soon after Jacky Terrasson - in particular I like his early improvs on standards e.g. Nardis and his recent originals e.g. Gaux Girl, My Church.



... there are a trio recording of BE with Philly Joe Jones in I think late 1959. The interplay between them == pretty much beyond words ... i have a feeling you know that recording smile. i need to check out JT. I'm bugged because KJ was just in London and tix sold about in about 10 minutes or so!

Originally Posted by custard apple


One of my favorite soloists is Sonny Rollins. What do you think of his improv on the bridge of God Bless The Child ? I am literally decades away from playing anywhere like this, especially:
- his use of thematic improv, imperfect imitation, rhythmic displacement
- his tone; how do you emulate that on an instrument with a decaying tone ?



i never listened much to that particular track ... (so back to spotify i go ...:)

many consider his "live at the vanguard" (with elvin jones and wilbur ware) as a definition of jazz for exactly what you've said (thematic improv, imperfect imitation, rhythmic displacement.) ... fred hersch has a great softly as a morning sunrise where he quotes from sonny rollins' vanguard recording.

emulating rollins' tone at the piano. one approach is play very softly. because that'll give you a greater dynamic range within which to work. so in relation to everything else louder notes will seem to last longer.

you can probably conjure magic playing along with rollins (with transcribe at a slow tempo) and in doing that just capture as much nuance as you can from his phrasing. the thing is, there's A LOT of nuance in his phrasing - it's possible you'll find that getting rhythms and attacks and imitating slides into notes really accurately will take away the need to imitate sustained tone.

... you might check out Ran Blake who's a really different (seriously different) jazz pianist than just about everyone else. his strength is playing with amazing dynamics and with unworldly pedal technique to shade what he's playing. you might find it interesting to see if there's something in his approach you can apply ....

of course, bach and chopin (and really any great keyboard composer) has music that's worth playing as a way to develop your own approach to phrasing and shading melodies. but if you had to go to a desert island w/ONLY two composers those two are probably worth considering as the "suspects."

hope this helps ...

Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
C
2000 Post Club Member
Offline
2000 Post Club Member
C
Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
Originally Posted by knotty
no worries




Are you sure you haven't been to Oz recently ?
You're sounding heaps Australian ! smile thumb

Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
C
2000 Post Club Member
Offline
2000 Post Club Member
C
Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
Originally Posted by printer1
Originally Posted by custard apple


Hey Prints
Thanks for your encouragement and the Phineas Newborn suggestion. I look forward to starting Daahoud next week - amazing intro, head, solo - I will have Transcribe on 15% speed.



i forgot about his daahuod. 15% sounds about right! ... and something else great to do with transcribe is use it as a play along tool ... you're probably doing that already. my guess is phrasing w/ PN at 15% ... and slowly speeding up as you would be reeeaaaallly interesting.

Originally Posted by custard apple

The first pianist suspects hehe to capture my attention were KJ then Bill. Then soon after Jacky Terrasson - in particular I like his early improvs on standards e.g. Nardis and his recent originals e.g. Gaux Girl, My Church.



... there are a trio recording of BE with Philly Joe Jones in I think late 1959. The interplay between them == pretty much beyond words ... i have a feeling you know that recording smile. i need to check out JT. I'm bugged because KJ was just in London and tix sold about in about 10 minutes or so!

Originally Posted by custard apple


One of my favorite soloists is Sonny Rollins. What do you think of his improv on the bridge of God Bless The Child ? I am literally decades away from playing anywhere like this, especially:
- his use of thematic improv, imperfect imitation, rhythmic displacement
- his tone; how do you emulate that on an instrument with a decaying tone ?



i never listened much to that particular track ... (so back to spotify i go ...:)

many consider his "live at the vanguard" (with elvin jones and wilbur ware) as a definition of jazz for exactly what you've said (thematic improv, imperfect imitation, rhythmic displacement.) ... fred hersch has a great softly as a morning sunrise where he quotes from sonny rollins' vanguard recording.

emulating rollins' tone at the piano. one approach is play very softly. because that'll give you a greater dynamic range within which to work. so in relation to everything else louder notes will seem to last longer.

you can probably conjure magic playing along with rollins (with transcribe at a slow tempo) and in doing that just capture as much nuance as you can from his phrasing. the thing is, there's A LOT of nuance in his phrasing - it's possible you'll find that getting rhythms and attacks and imitating slides into notes really accurately will take away the need to imitate sustained tone.

... you might check out Ran Blake who's a really different (seriously different) jazz pianist than just about everyone else. his strength is playing with amazing dynamics and with unworldly pedal technique to shade what he's playing. you might find it interesting to see if there's something in his approach you can apply ....

of course, bach and chopin (and really any great keyboard composer) has music that's worth playing as a way to develop your own approach to phrasing and shading melodies. but if you had to go to a desert island w/ONLY two composers those two are probably worth considering as the "suspects."

hope this helps ...


Thanks Prints for visiting this Beginners forum to help people like myself with your great insight.

Phineas' Daahoud:
Actually I hadn't thought of using Transcribe as a play-along. But from today I will incorporate it at the end of my singing routine, it should really test out my rhythm. Rhythm is my weakness and I am keen to improve it.
Also it will test out my transposing into another key.

BE trio:
You're right about Bill Evans, Philly Joe and Paul Chambers. I do know Green Dolphin St but not nearly as well as I should. As you say, the interplay is just too awesome.

Fred Hersch
I will put Softly on my list for next week when I'm moving onto new songs.

Sonny Rollins
I really am looking forward to applying your suggestions when I eventually solo on a ballad.
I think that soloing on ballads is currently out of my reach. It's so much more difficult than soloing on a mid-tempo or up-tempo tune, do you agree ?

Ran Blake
Woo! I just listened to his Ruby and it's exactly as you said about his dynamics, attack and pedal.

Joined: Mar 2013
Posts: 120
Full Member
Offline
Full Member
Joined: Mar 2013
Posts: 120
Originally Posted by custard apple


Hi Lost Woods
It's great that you are wanting to learn how to improvise over standards. As you correctly imply, improvising is actually a lot of hard practice and work.
Even though I am sharing my approach, I don't think it will work for everyone as it is torturous and obsessive-compulsive. But it does ensure you know a new standard intimately.

1. Sing along phrase by phrase of a professional recording you like. If you like, you can transpose certain phrases into other keys.
2. Analyse the standard globally e.g. determine the key(s) for each section
3. Analyse the standard locally e.g. determine the scales and arps for each bar
4. Learn the roots by making a melody of the roots.
5. Learn the head in another 3 keys.
6. Do a composition.
7. Improvise* using small chunks and then larger and larger chunks.
8. Learn how to solo over another key
9. Sing along phrase by phrase of a professional recording which you don't particularly like, one which will stretch you and challenge you towards another direction. Transpose a section into another key.

* What strikes you about this standard ? e.g. the downward arps, the ascending chromatics, the jaggedness.
Use this shape as the basis for your whole improv. Develop this theme across the different keys of the standard.




Hey Custard Apple! Thx man really nice approach too really like it.

Now comes to mind... I had some thinking going on this other day about improvising. When you learn jazz, on yt/teacher etc. they teach you what you can use for improvising. Scales, chord tones, strong chord tones, upbeat/downbeat playing etcetera. But the essence of improv is playing the melody you come up with at the moment isn't it? I mean.. what is the use of knowing I can play an "a dorian" scale of an Amin7 chord and the important chord tones are C and G for example while in your head you don't think about chord tones or scales but just come up with a melody.

Is it purely to train your ear so you can hear new melody's in your head?

I find it very hard to improv with these sort of guidelines while my mind wants to create other melodys. You have these excersises like "use only 1,3,5 and 7 of the chord and improv over these". It feels like it doesn't "fit" my ear and mind.
So isn't it much more important to do "ear-excersises" than basing on the scales/chordtones.. cause I struggle to play the melody in my head.. and I think that's because of I'm bad at "playing a melody by ear". And well, in the end the melody in your head is made up by chordtones and scales.

Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
C
2000 Post Club Member
Offline
2000 Post Club Member
C
Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
Nice question Lost Woods.
I like the way Walt Weiskopf the saxophonist and jazz educator puts it. He says we should call it jazz playing rather than jazz improvisation as we spend so much time practising.

Yes you are right, you need a two-stream approach.

(i) Train your ear to hear great lines by studying many, many, many master recordings. This is called studying the language of jazz.

(ii) Know arps and scales back to front.

(iii) Eventually through a combination of (i) and (ii), you will have the confidence to play lines which you feel like playing because you hear the lines in your head. This might take a few to several years to achieve.
Did you have a classical background ? You need to be patient in jazz, I believe it will take much longer than in classical to sound sensible.

So in other words:
(i) Absorbing the language does take time.
(ii) Keep on learning the theory
(iii) As you play more and more, I suspect you will be less guided by theory and more guided by what is inside you. How long have you been learning jazz for ?


Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
C
2000 Post Club Member
Offline
2000 Post Club Member
C
Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
Hey again
Please find my arrangement and improv of ATTYA @ 88 bpm.
All criticisms and comments are welcome.
Thank you for listening.

https://www.box.com/s/38g0pa5p7qsojm5pgot7

Cheers
cus

Last edited by custard apple; 03/23/13 05:26 AM. Reason: Apologies for my squeaky piano stool
Joined: Mar 2007
Posts: 3,045
3000 Post Club Member
Offline
3000 Post Club Member
Joined: Mar 2007
Posts: 3,045
wow cus.
this arrangement is really great. it definitely worth spending the time to get it under your fingers.
do you have a print of it?

Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
C
2000 Post Club Member
Offline
2000 Post Club Member
C
Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
Thank you Knots. I've done it in really faint pencil and will scan it for you today.
I can do these arrangements quite quickly as I've studied Andy LaVerne's chord substitutions book.
But reharms still take me literally months.

Re the improv, are you happy with the long-short feeling ?

Thanks again for your feedback and support.

Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
C
2000 Post Club Member
Offline
2000 Post Club Member
C
Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313

Joined: Mar 2007
Posts: 3,045
3000 Post Club Member
Offline
3000 Post Club Member
Joined: Mar 2007
Posts: 3,045
Cus,

Thanks for sharing this. I really like the liberties you take with your left hand, and the amount of tension in the left, it makes for some really interesting sounds.


Joined: Mar 2013
Posts: 120
Full Member
Offline
Full Member
Joined: Mar 2013
Posts: 120
Originally Posted by custard apple

(iii) As you play more and more, I suspect you will be less guided by theory and more guided by what is inside you. How long have you been learning jazz for ?


Thanks again for the reply!
To answer the question: I started with pianolessons 2 years ago at age of 22 never had any in the past.. these lessons where a mix of classical, jazz an basic stuff you can think of. So although I have had lessons for two years I don't really have the feeling I've been learning jazz for two years.. (btw before that I knew nothing, - totally nothing - about jazz..) I just bassicaly got a bit of all kind of music and piano basics.

Btw yout ATTYA is interesting. Didn't play that tune mayb I'll try that one too. Next to solo I don't really know how to arrange a standard. I've seen this masterclass:
http://www.davefrankjazz.com/ustream/billevans/evans.html

Really like it, but if I'm right in the end it is really about arranging the standard yourself isn't it? Trying over and over again what to do in LH and RH. Actually it's sort of like composing.

EDIT: custard apple do you have a recording how you play autumn leaves?:D

Last edited by Lost Woods; 03/24/13 10:48 AM.
Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
C
2000 Post Club Member
Offline
2000 Post Club Member
C
Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
Originally Posted by knotty
Cus,

Thanks for sharing this. I really like the liberties you take with your left hand, and the amount of tension in the left, it makes for some really interesting sounds.



You're welcome Knotty.
I really like your arrangements too.

This year I will be working on making my LH non standard and as melodic as my RH.

Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
C
2000 Post Club Member
Offline
2000 Post Club Member
C
Joined: Dec 2009
Posts: 2,313
Originally Posted by Lost Woods
Originally Posted by custard apple

(iii) As you play more and more, I suspect you will be less guided by theory and more guided by what is inside you. How long have you been learning jazz for ?


Thanks again for the reply!
To answer the question: I started with pianolessons 2 years ago at age of 22 never had any in the past.. these lessons where a mix of classical, jazz an basic stuff you can think of. So although I have had lessons for two years I don't really have the feeling I've been learning jazz for two years.. (btw before that I knew nothing, - totally nothing - about jazz..) I just bassicaly got a bit of all kind of music and piano basics.

Btw yout ATTYA is interesting. Didn't play that tune mayb I'll try that one too. Next to solo I don't really know how to arrange a standard. I've seen this masterclass:
http://www.davefrankjazz.com/ustream/billevans/evans.html

Really like it, but if I'm right in the end it is really about arranging the standard yourself isn't it? Trying over and over again what to do in LH and RH. Actually it's sort of like composing.

EDIT: custard apple do you have a recording how you play autumn leaves?:D


Hey Lost Woods
I'm similar to you in that three years ago, I really didn't know anything about jazz.
Is your goal to arrange or to improvise ?

If it is to arrange, you could try a ballad that you know really, really, really well.
Yes you're right, you could say the Dave Frank video is about arranging, it's about composing RH and LH lines and making them blend into each other as voices.

If it is to improvise, I suggest you start off with an easy C major standard such as Take the A Train.
ATTYA is difficult as the changes move quickly.
Autumn Leaves is difficult in that it is in a minor key.

I haven't learnt Autumn Leaves. This is because I want to approach this one from the perspective of modes, I'm now learning some minor modes such as dorian.

However Knotty has a cool bop version of Autumn Leaves. Maybe you could ask him to share it with you ?

Best regards
cus

Joined: Mar 2013
Posts: 120
Full Member
Offline
Full Member
Joined: Mar 2013
Posts: 120
Well Knotty... wink Do you happen to have an autumn leaves record online?
About my goal: Well someway or the other I only like to listen to (mostly) jazz trio's. Jazz with a steady beat, bass. I don't really "dig" the ballad thing.. Of course the example from Dave Frank like "Bill Evans - A time for Love" sounds really great, but I listen lot more to bill evans trio.

What I do like is a ballad turning in to a walking bass piece and I think that's my "approach" for solo jazz piano. Intro the melody in ballad and go into walking bass. If you don't know what I mean this is a good example:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3yzH861MDY from 13:50.

I think it's just a preference of mine. This means that I'm not motivated (at all) to sit down and work out the ballad part. What I do like to do is work out walking bass lines, block chords etc.

Joined: Mar 2007
Posts: 3,045
3000 Post Club Member
Offline
3000 Post Club Member
Joined: Mar 2007
Posts: 3,045
Hey LW,

You'd be foolish to listen to me. If you're looking for feel on how to play the melody to Autumn Leaves, check out these versions:

[video:youtube]u37RF5xKNq8[/video]

[video:youtube]CzZCoryiQxQ[/video]

When you say Block Chords, you mean a la George Shearing? People will hate me for it, but I was never a big fan of Shearing. That said, he has an interesting Vid with Mary McPartland and Billy Taylor where he explains some of his approach. I personally do not like the style very much.
Erroll Garner's block chords, however, this I dig of him ;-)

Shearing's technique however is absolutely spectacular, some of the very best.

If you can read decently, and have decent technique, there are books of just about anyone in just about any style. I still think that playing that from sheet will help you get the sound in your ear and in your fingers.

As far as improv, I am a big believer in the Dave Frank school. But if you have access to anyone who'd have studied with Charlie Banacos for a few years, he is likely to be a killer teacher.

If you cannot afford a teacher or do not want one, then you will need a lot of discipline and be able to not go from one topic to another too fast. Walking bass lines will take at least a couple of year of daily work to get halfway right. Besides jams and gigs, I generally play a single tune for about 6 weeks in a row. That's my way of digesting it. It's always tempting to read someone say "Learn countdown in 12 keys". But you just started A Train 3 weeks ago.

Resist!!

If you want to post something you played for feedback or ask specific questions about how to approach something, this is the right place.
Often people give criticism in private messages.

Last edited by knotty; 03/25/13 08:33 AM.
Joined: Mar 2013
Posts: 120
Full Member
Offline
Full Member
Joined: Mar 2013
Posts: 120
Originally Posted by knotty
Hey LW,

You'd be foolish to listen to me.


Well, actually I'm not really sure about that. I can for exmaple listen to Bill Evans, Keith Jarret play autumn leaves.. but sometimes I think it is better to listen to amateur players (I hope that doens't offend wink )too cause you can know exactly what's going on without having to analyse and transcribe for hours and hours (which I don't have time for).

Btw thanks. I knew the first one never heard the second. That's what I gotta work on too. I almost play the melody as it is in the real book. Adding a few notes and a different rythm but never like those profs can change the melody but it still is the melody if you know what I mean.

Quote
When you say Block Chords, you mean a la George Shearing? People will hate me for it, but I was never a big fan of Shearing. That said, he has an interesting Vid with Mary McPartland and Billy Taylor where he explains some of his approach. I personally do not like the style very much.
Erroll Garner's block chords, however, this I dig of him ;-)

Shearing's technique however is absolutely spectacular, some of the very best.


Yes I like the way Shearing uses his block chords smile
Examples I like (same standard):
[video:youtube]3TUq6EvAxsM[/video]

[video:youtube]qNSxiLnJSVQ[/video]

Quote
If you can read decently, and have decent technique, there are books of just about anyone in just about any style. I still think that playing that from sheet will help you get the sound in your ear and in your fingers.


I have tried this but I'm not a good reader yet.. but did it with Misty (memorizing).. felt like I was studying a classical piece. In other words, wasn't really awear of the chord progressions etc. But that was in my first half year of piano lessons so maybe it's different now lol. Good tip thought gotta try some of those jazz-sheet stuff.

Quote
As far as improv, I am a big believer in the Dave Frank school. But if you have access to anyone who'd have studied with Charlie Banacos for a few years, he is likely to be a killer teacher.


May I ask what the dave frank school approach is and how it differs from others?

Quote
If you want to post something you played for feedback or ask specific questions about how to approach something, this is the right place.
Often people give criticism in private messages.


Thanks maybe I'll post something this week if I can overcome my beginnersfright cause I've seen some nice things in these 100+ pages already wink

Last edited by Lost Woods; 03/25/13 01:16 PM.
Joined: Jul 2012
Posts: 10,512
Yikes! 10000 Post Club Member
Offline
Yikes! 10000 Post Club Member
Joined: Jul 2012
Posts: 10,512
Knotty- Winton Kelly sounded great! Love those chords. Maybe one day . . . . I`ll keep tryin`!!


"I am not a man. I am a free number"

"[Linked Image]"
Joined: Mar 2007
Posts: 3,045
3000 Post Club Member
Offline
3000 Post Club Member
Joined: Mar 2007
Posts: 3,045
>>Well, actually I'm not really sure about that. I can for exmaple listen to Bill Evans, Keith Jarret play autumn leaves.. but sometimes I think it is better to listen to amateur players (I hope that doens't offend wink )too cause you can know exactly what's going on without having to analyse and transcribe for hours and hours (which I don't have time for).

If you try to transcribe and play what the masters do, then yes, it will take you forever. What you want to do is go for the feel. If Autumn Leaves is in the real book, it's probably written as 3 1/4 notes for the first 3 notes. But in my view, that would sound really lame. So you're better off getting the feel of the melody from these records. The melody is generally the same, and you can forget the embellishments, so one way, you learn it right, the other you learn it wrong.
And when it comes down to feel and swing, it doesn't get a whole lot better than Wynton Kelly...

>>May I ask what the dave frank school approach is and how it differs from others?
Yes, check out this thread:
http://www.pianoworld.com/forum/ubbthreads.php/topics/2038924/1.html

I don't really know of too many other methods.
Classical teachers got it down because teaching has been fundamental since forever. Teachers vary but almost all classical teachers follow some sort of organized method and curriculum.
Very few jazz teachers do, and in a way, that's too bad.

If you are pretty new to Jazz and want to jump into improv right away, then this might be a good class for you. It requires little investment :-)

[video:youtube]SjJVSQz1eK4[/video]


Page 183 of 187 1 2 181 182 183 184 185 186 187

Moderated by  Bart K, platuser 

Link Copied to Clipboard
What's Hot!!
Piano World Has Been Sold!
--------------------
Forums RULES, Terms of Service & HELP
(updated 06/06/2022)
---------------------
Posting Pictures on the Forums
(ad)
(ad)
New Topics - Multiple Forums
Country style lessons
by Stephen_James - 04/16/24 06:04 AM
How Much to Sell For?
by TexasMom1 - 04/15/24 10:23 PM
Song lyrics have become simpler and more repetitive
by FrankCox - 04/15/24 07:42 PM
New bass strings sound tubby
by Emery Wang - 04/15/24 06:54 PM
Forum Statistics
Forums43
Topics223,385
Posts3,349,189
Members111,631
Most Online15,252
Mar 21st, 2010

Our Piano Related Classified Ads
| Dealers | Tuners | Lessons | Movers | Restorations |

Advertise on Piano World
| Piano World | PianoSupplies.com | Advertise on Piano World |
| |Contact | Privacy | Legal | About Us | Site Map


Copyright © VerticalScope Inc. All Rights Reserved.
No part of this site may be reproduced without prior written permission
Powered by UBB.threads™ PHP Forum Software 7.7.5
When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community.